You may think the product is working because your skin looks plump after use, but these effects are just from the humectant. The super thick formula melts down nicely, and a little goes a long way for healthier lips come morning. Occlusives. Beeswax has lubricating, softening activities and reduces trans-epidermal water loss from skin 1. If air humidity is higher than 70%, they also draw water from the surrounding environment to the skin. Hyaluronic acid and glycerin are examples of humectants. If you purchase something mentioned in this article, we may. Instead of attracting moisture, they trap it beneath this barrier, preventing it from evaporating. If your lip balm contains both humectants and occlusives, and you're still experiencing perpetual dryness, you may need to look more closely at the ingredient list. Urea can help with many skin conditions, such as: An older 2013 study evaluated the effects of once and twice daily applications of a humectant-rich moisturizer containing 15% AHAs and 15% urea. . A good lip balm should be rich in occlusive elements like oils, beeswax, and petrolatum, which seal in moisture so your kisser doesn't dry out, as well as SPFeven if it's cold outside. The humectant will draw in moisture while the occlusive will lock in that moisture in, and the emollient will keep the skin soft and smooth. Specifically formulated to target the visible signs of aging, Formulysts Anti-Aging Night Cream deeply moisturizes skin with humectants, emollients, and occlusives. The best part? People can consult a dermatologist to identify their skin type and find the best regimen for them. Shea butter, cocoa butter, vitamin E, jojoba and rosehip oils are . Among the participants with hyperkeratosis, the results indicated that the moisturizer: The participants with no skin conditions experienced an improvement in skin barrier function. Using emollients can help to fill in the spaces between dead skin cells where the barrier has been depleted, ultimately leading to soft hydrated skin. And in the world of lip care, the daily essential lip balm reigns supreme. Humectants are ingredients that attract and bind water. Arch Physiother Glob Res. Vaseline Original Petroleum Jelly. Humectants, on the other hand, tend to be noncomedogenic and non-oily. . 2009 - 2023 MindBodyGreen LLC. Best Stick: Lano . "Lip balms that contain humectant ingredients, . When it comes to picking the best lip balms for chapped lips, a good rule of thumb is to avoid anything that could be irritating, such as fragrances, harsh essential oils, or flavoring. We know what youre probably thinking, Thats good to know, but whats the difference? A 2019 review analyzed databases from 19902018 that dealt with skin conditions of people over the age of 50 years. Vanicream Lip Protectant SPF 30. This is in comparison to an occlusive-only wax or jelly balm that merely coats the surfaceor shiny and plumping numbers that are there for aesthetic purposes only. STYLECASTERs mantra is Style To The People and our mission is to be an accessible, inclusive, ahead-of-the-trend destination for millennial and Gen Z women who want to live with style and substance. Those with oily or acne-prone skin should avoid most occlusives except silicones. It's also a great option if you want a little scent without any potentially irritating chemicals (the scent here comes from rose oil) according to reviews. Lip balm; Eye cream; . However, when occlusive ingredients like petrolatum, waxes, oils and silicones are paired with humectant ingredients, they make sure your lips aren't drying out after application. Here are a few of our favorites: If you're a regular ingredient list reader, you may notice a very popular type of occlusive is missing from the list: mineral oils, petroleum jelly, and petrochemicals. The exfoliant here comes courtesy of sugar crystals, a favorite option of Dr. Maiman due to the natural humectant properties in sugar. In short, humectant ingredients need to be offset by occlusive ingredients to avoid the cycle of reapplication. Emollients and occlusives tend to be heavier ingredients. This classic lip balm is Idriss' pick for lip balm with sun protection. Your specific preferences, skin needs, and use case will likely influence which ingredients you'll look for. Here, expert-approved and top-rated options that will take your lips from dry and chapped to smooth and supple. Dr. Penzi recommends this moisturizing lip balm that's formulated with mineral filters titanium dioxide and zinc oxide to . What does humectant do for your skin? Of them, 12 had no skin conditions, and 50 had hyperkeratosis, or thickened skin, on the feet. Aloe vera gel and juice come from the aloe vera plant help smooth the surface of your skin and hair. It also has some unique moisturizing properties as it is both occlusive and humectant. Here, 10 uses for beeswax. It's not the most exciting option as far as best lip balms for chapped lips, but it does exactly what a lip balm product should do. Humectants pull water from the dermis to the epidermis and stratum corneum. Examples of emollients include the following: Emollient ingredients help to repair the skin barrier function. Providing shine without being sticky or greasy, this lip balm offers everything you need for a full, hydrated pout. It's amazing," shares one reviewer. In order to discuss the different types of moisturizers, well need a brief discussion on the structure and function of the skin barrier. Unlike the rest of the skin which has a thick stratum corneum (dead cell layer) for extra protection, the lips do not, so they are even more prone to winter dryness, says Dr. Waldorf. "It works to prevent already dehydrated, chapped lips hold onto water," shares Dr. Maiman. Hydrating skin care ingredients attract water, while moisturizers keep the hydration in. Dr. Amin says he uses this lip balm after FixMySkins heavy-hitting chapstick. Uploaded by: amoraandroses on 12/27/2022. Here, find the best lip moisturizers that actually work. It works well for chapped lips and has that hydrating, soothing action because it contains protective petrolatum as well as coconut and jojoba oils., With more than 7,900 reviews and 4.7-star rating on Amazon, its clear that Jack Black has done something right with this ultra-conditioning lip balm, which includes beeswax, shea butter, green tea extract, lanolin, cocoa seed butter, and SPF 25. This Jack Black lip balm promises "intense therapy," and frankly, it delivers. Our top choice for the best chapped lip treatment is the Jack Black Intense Therapy Lip Balm, which is effective, budget-friendly, and contains moisturizing ingredients, as well as SPF. Sugar alcohols (glycerin, sorbitol, xylitol, etc. Humectants work by attracting water and drawing it into the skin or hair in order to maintain healthy hydration. Cardiovascular health: Insomnia linked to greater risk of heart attack. Another key ingredient here is Mongongo oil, a hydrating ingredient commonly found in products for very, very thirsty hair. The answer lies in the ingredients. ). We avoid using tertiary references. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your device and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. For example, when it's humid, they can pull it from the air around you. Plumping ingredients like capsaicin arent a great idea as they will cause swelling. They also help repair and strengthen the skins natural protective barrier. We also recommend Carrot & Stick Repair Serum for dry skin and Carrot & Stick The Water Gel Moisturizer for oily skin. Glycolic acid comes from sugar cane, lactic acid from milk, and citric acid from citrus fruits., Aloe vera. It works for so many different skincare concernsfrom dry, chapped lips and cuticles to burns, eczema, and beyond. Below is some of the research on common humectants. A "holy grail skin saver," according to reviews, this lip balm for chapped lips is ideal if you're dealing with wounded skin because its key ingredients hazelnut oil and jasmine wax have antibacterial properties. It consists of corneocytes (dead skin cells) held together by a lipid matrix composed of ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids. The study involved 62 participants. They're commonly used for a few reasons: They're inexpensive, lend products a smooth sensorial experience, and are molecularly large so they sit on the skin, acting as an occlusive. This K-beauty favorite balances shea butter with exfoliating alpha hydroxy acids to rehab dry, flaking lips overnight. If your dryness isn't responding to a change in lip balm and you still have painful dryness after a week, you might want to see a dermatologist. Photo: Courtesy of Merchants / Design by Jo Imperio, These Are The 10 Best Lip Plumping Glosses, According to Reviews, Potentially Irritating Ingredients to Avoid Using on Angry Lips. Castor jelly-based formula which feeds your skin antioxidants, instantly hydrates, and protects your lips. (Isn't it such a small joy to find an old favorite tucked away in a coat pocket?) They include: humectants, emollients and occlusives. Shutterstock. Our mission at STYLECASTER is to bring style to the people, and we only feature products we think youll love as much as we do. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Without occlusives, the moisture that the humectants pull out simply vanishes on the surface of the skin, leaving lips drier than they were in the first place. Each tube contains 0.15 fl. Body Art. StyleCaster is a part of Penske Media Corporation. When using lip balm. A cult favorite, this hydrating lip treatment from Fresh earns a stamp of approval from Shari Marchbein, M.D., assistant clinical professor of dermatology at NYU School of Medicine. Beeswax protects lips and retains lip moisture. In this way, aloe vera can act as a humectant and an emollient.. Alexandra Engler is the beauty director at mindbodygreen and host of the beauty podcast Clean Beauty School. FUNCTION(S) fragrance ingredient, skin-conditioning agent - occlusive: LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS INGREDIENT: CETEARYL OLIVATE Data . This will actually make things worse since that moisture will also evaporate and leave you feeling drier. If you have constantly dry lips you have to try it.. Lanolin, peppermint and coconut oils, propylene glycol, fragrances, dyes, and more can also stir irritation, so if you feel that your lip balm is making things worse, it might be time to see your derm. Lip Plumper. Thats why chapstick is so important, and the best lip balms will help keep your pout hydrated no matter the weather. A lipophilic humectant is one that manufacturers have dissolved in fats or lipids. Glycerin. ", If your lips are chapped beyond recognition, this stuff is the good stuff, thanks to having basically all of the occlusive ingredients needed to lock in the moisture your lips can't create on their own. Dr. Baumann recommends Burts Bees Lip Balm for its perfect balance of occlusives and humectants. Also, please don't peel off any flaking lip skin, since this habit is also damaging to sensitive lip skin. Specifications. Ask a Beauty Editor: How to Apply Lipstick on Dry Lips, 9 Common Winter Beauty Problemsand How to Fix Them, How to Make a DIY Lip Scrub Using Ingredients in Your Kitchen, Ask a Beauty Editor: How to Apply Makeup on Dry, Flaky Skin, Skin Flooding Is TikToks Answer to Quenching Dry Skin, We Asked 12 Dermatologists to Share Their Exact Skincare Routines, Here's What They Said, Have Dry Skin? Credit: Aquaphor. If you want a lip balm for chapped lips that actually does its job in addition to adding a lovely nonsticky, this is important layer of gloss to your lips, stop scrolling. Shes spent the last five years interviewing top medical experts, interpreting peer-reviewed studies, and reporting on health, nutrition, weight loss, and fitness trends for national brands like Womens Health and Mens Health. A mild steroid, such as 1% hydrocortisone, can reduce inflammation if your lips are in pain. Available in a variety of hues, Ilia is known for its hydrating tints and these offer buildable color so you can keep on re-applying. If youre looking for a vegan option, this hydrating formula is just the thing to quench your pout. Shea butter and squalane reinforce hydration for a smooth, nourished poutall while excluding parabens, silicones, and iffy chemicals. LIP BALM 3 PACK - You get 3 classic CocoMe lip balm tubes. "It doesn't always peel off evenly. (BTW, yes, you should still wear SPF every day, even if you're staying inside. Burt's Bees Lip Balm , on the other hand, is an excellent choice because of its excellent balance of occlusives and humectants. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Aquaphor isn't just an ointment or a lip balm. Older research from 2012 states that hyaluronic acid helps speed up wound repair and reduces scar appearance. This is a molecule found naturally in the body, although the body makes less of it as you age. However, the right lip balm will leave your skin feeling comforted for hours (reapplying throughout the day is normalespecially if you're drinking hot liquids, eating spicy food, or licking your lips). You dont have to opt for anything fancy. buy now. As soon as the moisture evaporates, the lips will feel drier and appear dehydrated.". Dior Addict Lip Glow, $33 at Saks If your natural lip color can only be found on a true-crime show, this lip balm is for you. For optimal lip health, your lip balm should include a blend of emollient, humectant, and occlusive ingredients. And while that's taking occlusive ingredients to their most extreme, it's actually good practice to use somewhat occlusive formulas in your day-to-day life. Chemically speaking, humectants are hygroscopic substances that form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This nourishing formula is enriched with colloidal oatmeal, shea butter, and glycerin for the ultimate soothing and smoothing trifecta, in addition to hyaluronic acid and squalane for extra moisture. Humectants (Hyaluronic Acid, Glycerin) // "Lip balms with humectants such as hyaluronic acid and glycerin make lips worse," says dermatologist Leslie Baumann, M.D., to Style Caster. In that case, you could have an actinic keratosisa precancerous skin condition caused by excessive sun. A lip balm that contains SPF can help protect you from harmful UV rays. Aquaphor Lip Repair. The new and improved formula uses a blend of ingredients that instantly softens the skin and deeply hydrates, keeping them feeling comfortable all day long. Lanolips has given me lips that don't peel, chap, crack, and bleed, writes one satisfied customer. Occlusives are particularly useful for dry skin and hair. Pictures and symptoms of the red, scaly rash. This classic lip balm from Kiehls feels more like a light oil than your traditional Chapstick. Lip Gloss. That's why these types of ingredients work best together. "However, if there is no occlusivelike petrolatum, beeswax, shea butter, coconut oil, or squalenethe moisture will not be sealed in to protect the moisture barrier. This formula contains sodium hyaluronate, the salt form of hyaluronic acid, which is an exceptional ingredient for adding hydration to the skin. Last medically reviewed on March 30, 2022. Some moisturizers work better for oily skin, while others help dry, sensitive, or inflamed skin. However, most silicones do not allow water to pass through, which is an ideal quality for preventing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) a leading cause of dehydrated skin. Thanks to winter weather triggers like dipping temps outside and dry heat inside, chapped lips are more or less inevitable this time of year. $16 at allbeauty. .css-1pm21f6{display:block;font-family:AvantGarde,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0.3125rem;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1pm21f6:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1pm21f6{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1pm21f6{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1pm21f6{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;}}Pamela Anderson Shares Her Best Anti-Aging Trick, Jamie Lee Curtis Loves This Brightening Face Oil, 12 Best Benzoyl Peroxide Products to Treat Acne, Bobbi Brown Shares Her Go-To Daily Sunscreen, Catherine Zeta-Jones Loves This Glowy Face Mousse, What to Know About Keratosis Pilaris Treatments, Eva Mendes Swears By These Exfoliating Mitts. The formula is lightweight and non-greasy, and it has SPF 30meaning your lips will be covered from drying elements and the sun! And while new products are certainly exciting, they mean nothing without establishing the basics. Glycerin is one of the most effective humectants, and it also helps keep your skin barrier strong., Alpha hydroxy acids (AHA). Humectants are substances that attract water. Though it's technically a lip mask, and not a balm, this is still a winner in the fight against chapped lips. THIS SITE IS AFFILIATED WITH FORMULYST AND CARROT & STICK, WHOSE PRODUCTS ARE AMONG THOSE WE REVIEW AND RANK. 2023 SheMedia, LLC. Some emollients and occlusives are also comedogenic, which means they have the potential to block pores and cause acne. Interviewed Heartland Alliance employees for oral history project conducted by the Lake Forest College History Department. The Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) is another component of the stratum corneum. Emollients are effective at filling in the cracks and crevices of dry skin or fine lines. Harwood, A., Nassereddin, A., Krishnamurthy, K. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 2020. "These ingredients pull moisture out of the skin, especially in a dry environment, and then the water evaporates away." Beeswax is also an occlusive, meaning it forms a moisturizing, protective layer on the surface of the lips 3. What is panthenol, and why is it a common ingredient in many personal care products? There needs to be enough NH2 and OH groups on the molecule to counteract the nonpolar parts (i.e. (See: Why You Should Be Using Lip Oil Instead of Lip Balm). What is dry brushing and what are the benefits? If you purchase an independently reviewed product or service through a link on our website, we may receive an affiliate commission. To get to the bottom of what makes a good lip product, Dr. Chang broke it down in an easy manner. It found that leave-on products containing lipophilic humectants decreased skin dryness and itching. Although there have been reports of an improvement effect on lip roughness by . Humectants - "Attract and bind water into the skin to moisturize the skin . However, individuals with oily skin or hair may find this unhelpful. Petroleum jelly's initial purpose was as a medicinal salve, meant to speed up the healing process, when it was patented in 1872. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Aside from humectants, personal care products often contain emollients and occlusives. The fragrance-free formula also contains occlusive agents like shea butter and beeswax, and can also be used to soothe skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, or even annoying insect bites. Bland, in the beauty balm world means, essentially, boring: no scent, no tint, and fewer ingredients. (which pull water into the skin like a sponge) are also helpful. With squalane in its name, Biossance creates a non-tacky, moisturizing product that youre sure to love. Because they can't produce their own oils or hold in moisture for very long, Dr. Ugonabo recommends patients always give their lips a little extra TLC by regularly reapplying balms or ointments. Be sure to use a moisturizer that doesnt depend on humectants only. It calms and soothes dry skin and reduces the scaly and flaky appearance. Aquaphor is a go-to for a reason. After using this lip balm, I don't have that problem anymore. Finally, a quick tip that both derms suggest is seeking out hypoallergenic and fragrance-free products, which will keep a number of those potentially irritating ingredients off your lips. 2 tbsp. But have you ever considered the different types of moisturizers? 4. So what makes a good lip moisturizer? Occlusives are primarily oil-based. The benefits of humectants depend on the ingredient. hydrocarbon portion), allowing the overall molecule to be polar enough to attract water. A few examples of skin care ingredients that can be classified as humectants include the following: Humectant products can be used by all skin types, but they are best for those with normal to slightly dry skin. Rachel Maiman, M.D., board-certified dermatologist at Marmur Medical counts the following ingredients as potential irritants for chapped lips. Lip Balm. It's also possible to become addicted to medicated balms since some active ingredients can make your lips more sensitive and prone to cracking. Humectants alone may actually add to dryness because they can draw water from deeper layers of the skin. Without occlusives, the moisture will evaporate and your skin will be left drier than it was before. oz of lip balm goodness! I think this one would appeal to a lot of people for curing chapped lips, writes one customer. For humectants to do their job, they need to stay in your skin and hair. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. In most cases, you want to use moisturizing creams and lip balms that combine humectants and occlusives to avoid worsening skin dryness. According to Dr. Nussbaum, this is the same reason licking your lips worsens chapped lipsthe saliva quickly evaporates, leaving the lips even drier and starting the lip-licking cycle over again. . Beeswax is also an occlusive, meaning it forms a moisturizing, protective layer on the surface of the lips 3. Its affordable, great for sensitive skin types, and gets the job done. Think about it this way: Applying a poor lip balm is like drinking soda to quench your thirst. This bonding helps moisturize the skin by drawing water from the lower cell layers. Aquaphor is a go-to for a reason. "If you're antsy about using something so heavy-duty," they say. This treatment oil looks like a gloss while delivering and sealing in moisture courtesy of hyaluronic acid and konjac root. The final outcome is a balm that nourishes with every swipe and leaves you satisfied throughout the day. 1. A dermatologist can determine whether you have any allergies or underlying medical conditions that cause dry lips and recommend the best lip balm for your specific skin type. This vegan balm features ceramides and hyaluronic acid, glycerin (a powerful occlusive ingredient), and squalane, a lesser-known, but hard-working moisturizer. "Therefore, there is a bit of trial and error in finding which lip balm is right for your pout." A weak or damaged barrier leads to transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and may allow harmful things like allergens, bacteria, and irritants to pass through into the deeper layers of skin. "Some lip balms also contain allergenssuch as lanolin, parabens, phenol, or salicylic acidwhich can often be irritating to certain people's skin," says Dr. Nussbaum. What is organic skin care and how is it different. Despite the hydrating promise of lip balms, what you see isn't always what you get. "Unlike the rest of our skin, lips don't have sweat glands, so they're not able to produce their own sweat and oil," says Nkem Ugonabo, M.D., NYC-based board-certified dermatologist at Union Derm. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Based on the ingredients they include, moisturizers can be broken down into three main categories: humectant, emollient, and occlusive. We always keep lip balm on handhow are you supposed to wear lipstick 24/7 otherwise?and wearing it at all times becomes nonnegotiable once the cold front rolls in. To be safe, Dr. Nussbaum recommends avoiding parabens, phenol, phthalates, fragrances, and lanolin altogether if you have sensitive skin. Know when to see a doctor: If you have just a patch or spot of chapped lips that is persistent, dont assume it is just dryness, cautions Dr. Waldorf. Hana Hong is the beauty & fashion editor at RealSimple.com. At work, I often get moisture buildup under my mask which paradoxically can dry out the lips. The humectant will draw in moisture while the occlusive will lock in that moisture in, and the emollient will keep the skin soft and smooth. (Image credit: Ciat) 4. It immediately relieves dryness and soothes chapped, cracked lips, and provides long-lasting moisture to them. The answer lies in the ingredients. "Certain lip balms only contain humectants (read: immediate moisture)like hyaluronic acid and glycerinwhich draw water from the air," says Marnie Nussbaum, MD, a board-certified dermatologist in New York City. As a humectant, sodium hyaluronate draws in moisture from the environment and can hold up to 1,000 times its weight in water. Occlusive emollients such as lanolin, emulsifying ointment, and liquid paraffin work by covering the skin with a protective film, preventing water loss. Product Description. Can poor sleep impact your weight loss goals? Because it stops water from being evaporated and helps . Shiny lip gloss can attract UV rays to your lips and cause dryness and increase your risk of skin cancer. I would wake up the next day with the same cracked, peeling lips. Its infused with medical-grade lanolin, jojoba and olive oils, and beeswax to heal, moisturize, and protect overnight. Some humectants for skin work as exfoliators that remove dead skin cells and debris first, leaving you with a smoother complexion and allowing for cell turnover. This leads to visibly dry, tight-feeling, flaky skin. Its a common misconception that silicones can cause or worsen acne. dimethicone. You could be exposing even more of the lips and causing even more dryness." Indeed, it's becoming known as a petroleum jelly dupe because of the similarities: Petrolatum is a mix of mineral oil and paraffin waxes, making the texture remarkably similar. Occlusives are necessary for creating a physical barrier to prevent water loss. There are also things you should avoid doing to your lips when they're already chapped, including one that might seem counterintuitive: licking your lips to wet them. 2015;19(1):7-15. She also recommends a product with SPF for extra protection. The vegan, cruelty-free formula also never feels sticky. Price: $36.99 at Clean & Pure This incredibly popular line of lip balms out of Australia is 100% natural and packed with hydration-friendly ingredients like responsibly sourced Beeswax and Vitamin E. They attract water to the hair shaft, helping keep it hydrated. The exact definition can vary depending on location. Shop: Balm Dotcom, $12 Credit: Glossier Some also have other benefits. Without these essential lipids, the barrier is weakened. A good approach is to change balms if you feel like you're constantly having to apply the one you're already using or feel a tingling sensation when you apply. For example, AHAs are also exfoliants. Overall, the best facial moisturizer is Carrot & Stick The Moisturizer, a lightweight antioxidant-rich formula that delivers multi-level hydration, thanks to a proprietary active complex of three natural bio-ferments. Lip balm with SPF; Other. "The main ingredient is ceramides, which help retain moisture and optimize barrier function. Some also claim it helps with other conditions. "These ingredients pull moisture . A brand beloved by celebs like Martha Stewart and Drew Barrymore, to name a few, Mario Badescus cult-favorite lip balm is a top-rated option for a reason. Humectants May Cause Lip Balm Addiction To avoid this problem, only use lip balms that contain both humectants and occlusives. She writes about curls and coils, treatment test drives, and intersectionality. (Not to mention, Reese Whitherspoon is a mega fan of the clean beauty brand.). Humectants can be beneficial skin hydrating ingredients when used properly. Occlusive agents, like beeswax, shea butter, and various oils, create a physical barrier to prevent water loss. The unique formula relieves and soothes chapped, cracked lips and provides effective, long-lasting moisture, so lips look and feel healthier . Beeswax is an effective Occlusive that comes from bee honeycomb and is often used in lip balms and creams that require a thicker consistency to keep them from separating. They may also help with the treatment of . Also called glycerine or glycerol, glycerin is a clear substance that occurs naturally in animal and plant tissue, including that of humans.
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